Novel PR Company

Novel PR Company Introduction Planning for a business is critical towards laying the foundation for success. Thus, it is imperative for a proposed business to have a comprehensive marketing plan that captures the basic ideas and implementation path. Among the elements that should be part and parcel of a business plan include strategic marketing channel and promotion.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Novel PR Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the plan should incorporate possible competition and the general business environment level. This analytical paper will explore the above elements as a prerequisite for the successful establishment and sustainability of the Novel PR Company, which is a web content developer. The company targets the business community who depends on the internet to increase online presence. The business will offer excellent online content development services to individual consumers, small and medium businesses, and institutions. Since the company targets to introduce unique web content services, it will not face much competition as most of the businesses in the region do not have affordable specialized web content services. Market Segments Marketing strategy is essential before actualizing projections of a blue print. As a matter of fact, this plan functions on the margins of informed decision making after comprehensive research on viability and sustainability of a product. In order to achieve desired margins in sales and total revenues generated, a proper marketing plan should integrate entry strategy, comparative advantage, and market segmentation since in most cases, there is always a strong competitor or competitors that passing might prove challenging due to existence of consumer perceptions and household names. The targeted market is subdivided into the consumer, small and medium business, and institutions segments. These segments have unique needs that must be add ressed by the company in order to ensure business sustainability. Small and Medium Business Segmentation This market captures small food outlets, hotels, motels, and retail businesses within the targeted region. Web content development services destined for this market are often expensive, and lack the value addition component of free hosting. Sometimes, quality and relevance are compromised due to the small volumes of delivery for this market.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Novel PR Company intends to introduce the customized web content development services to this market promising diversity in types, lower price, and free hosting. As an incentive, the company will offer free content modification to loyal customers. Therefore, this segment is influenced by competitive pricing, creativity and customized services, and free hosting for optimal benefits. In ord er to attract this segment, the company will offer free after sales services, delivery on credit, and series of discount on the basis of the number of web content services. Since it will be properly implemented, the company is positioned to counter competitors’ strategy of reaching the customers through proxy web content marketers (Bowden 70). Institutional Segmentation The targeted region has several schools, government institutions, collages, hospitals among other establishments with online programs to support their services. These institutions are strategically located and uniformly spread across the accessible market. Nearly one hundred percept of people found in these institutions are customers who have access to the internet. With properly drawn partnership and memorandum of understanding, the market is within the Novel PR’s influence. Specifically, the customized and relevant content element will give the Novel PR’s services a competitive age in learning institutions and hospitals which have embraced online services for their customers. Also, the competitive pricing will facilitate its sustainability in the highly differentiated market (Kotler and Gary 35). Consumer Segment This is the largest segment for the web content development services offered by the Novel PR Company. This segment comprises of households who use the internet to market their services or products. Since the web content development service comes in customizable packages, the segment is influenced by differential quantification, competitive pricing, and free online support. Therefore, Novel PR Company will come up with a special web support service to position itself in this segment. The company will merge the strategy with advertisements, since this group of consumers has access to social media. Due to exposure to information sources such as new papers, television, radio, and magazines, product announcement through these avenues will enable the company to double its market base (Kotler and Keller 41).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Novel PR Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As forecasted in the market research, this strategy will be successful towards dominance as it offers a variety of options to consumers while at the same time maximizing benefits of economies of scale to the company. Creating Value for the Consumers and the Organization Choosing Value In order to increase credibility and maintain professionalism, the Novel PR Company’s business channel will encompass processes and features that flawlessly facilitate a healthy lifetime relationship between the business and its client. Among the new development elements that will be incorporated include trust, reliability, distribution, fair retribution process, and passing accurate information to target audience to restore confidence. Reflectively, value in the context of this business will include the aspect of an engaged audience supported by high quality and relevant online content, which will help businesses to transform their web traffic into engaged audiences. The second aspect will be online referrals through which the Novel PR Company will get more referrals via Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM). Lastly, the aspect of sales funnel will increase the number of prospects entering the sales funnel from online sources (Rhim and Lee 160). Providing Value The Novel PR Company will align its services with the needs of the target market by actively participating in series of corporate social responsibility initiatives. All aspects of the firm such as sales, purchases, marketing, management, and operations will be aligned to appropriate and sustainable technology to ensure competitive advantage. Therefore, value will be provided to business through content optimization for search engine listing (SEO), market research, and a fast turnaround. Specifically, this proposed system in Googl e will consist of a multi tab page that will serve different areas and services to online customers. When implementing SEO in the Google search, it is necessary to revise the algorithms constantly for the search result of the Novel PR Company website to remain at the top. This can be achieved through revising the content to ensure that all the information in the website pertains directly to the needs of potential clients (Tynan and McKechnie 512).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communicating Value Communication is the epicenter of sustainability. Communicating the value for the Novel PR Company will be achieved through sales letters, SEO ranking reports, and social media presence analysis. Under the sales letters, each prospect will get a sales letter delivered via email discussing the benefits of outsourcing content creation. The SEO rankings reports will be communicated through creating a platform for each prospect to get an SEO ranking report developed using online web ranking resources from alexa.com. Lastly, social media presence analysis will be achieved through generation of free report of online presence. For instance, the Novel PR Company website will carry out a link reference promotion where the website user with the highest number of referral links is rewarded with a free consultancy service or gift hampers. This will create a long term loyalty among clients. The potential of the referral link approach is that it will improve the visibility of the Novel PR Company website across the globe (Rhim and Lee 163). The advertisement message will be presented in two channels, that is, below-the-line and above-the-line. Under the below-the-line approach, the web content services will be marketed directly through the print and visual press besides the numerous local radio channels. Under the above-the-line approach, the advertising message will be presented via the social media to appeal to the customer segment consisting of the technological gauchos and digerati. The use of social media to advertise the Novel PR Company was informed by the need for customer retention and loyalty building. Properly modified Novel PR Company website and the twitter fun page will reassure the customers on quality of the application and its compatibility with computers around the targeted region. Through massive recruitment of Novel PR Company fans in the twitter page, the company will not only benefit from an increased traffic of online compliments, but also record high rates of customer loyalty as most customers are influenced by reactions from other clients (Bowden 73). Marketing Strategies Consumers are generally influenced by two factors: internal influences and external influences. Internal influences are personal feelings and thoughts that include self-concept, motivation, attitudes, emotions, and perceptions. These factors generally influence perception, purchasing patterns, and attitude customers develop towards a product or a service offered by a business. The marketing strategies for the Novel PR Company will incorporate the elements of product, pricing, distribution, and promotion as discussed below. Product Product development entails the innovation process aimed at modeling the existing product or improving on it to balance with the changing preferences of the customers. As a result, the older version will be phased out of the market as preferences change. The concept of web content development is an innovative ide a to deliver unparalleled experience to target customers. The product developed by the Novel PR Company is for distribution to companies seeking to expand their web presence is written content in the form of articles, website, white papers, and social media post. The website content will be in the form of the text used on the corporate or business website of a company. On the other hand, the article content will be used as blog posts or as articles for online distribution by interested companies. The social media post will include one-liners that may be used in social media outlets such as Face book and Twitter. Lastly, the white papers as part of the product content will consist of information packs written in essay format containing useful information that would assist readers to make decisions regarding a particular product or service. The primary feature of the product content for the Novel PR Company will operate on the SEO specs. The content will be created around the premises of excellent grammar, informative content, and user friendly handle (Kotler and Gary 35). Specifically, through product development, the Novel PR Company will be in a position to optimally exploit opportunities available in the innovation market segment and gain a significant share in the web content development sector. Pricing Through generic pricing strategy, the company will be in a position to offer premium pricing for its customers. In order to implement the generic pricing strategy, the company will opt for value pricing as perceived by the potential customers. The value of high quality content is very high for any business seeking to create traffic and to convert it to an engaged audience. Since the product content for the Novel PR Company can deliver this type of value, then potential business owners would be willing to pay a premium for it (Bowden 79). In setting the price for different product content, it is important to review the pricing objective, cost of production, d emand, and competition. Basically, the pricing objective for this product is to locate the premium pricing point that is acceptable and competitive among small and medium size business owners. Since the demand for this product is recurring, it is projected to be relatively stable and skewed towards creation of business opportunities for the company. The only major cost of production is just the time needed to develop the different content. This makes the business sustainable. Lastly, the business is likely to face competition from content farms and freelancers. However, the competition will be minimal since the product content proposed by the company is very unique. Distribution The distribution strategy used for marketing will have both push and pull elements. Online purchasing behavior usually follows the pull pattern because internet users look for information they need on their own. Push is still necessary because people don’t know about a service or product until they in teract with it. Lastly, the distribution will be supported via the e-commerce platform. This means that all transactions will take place online. Customers will make orders and the content will be delivered online. In order to effectively market the web content product, the distribution channels that will be used include organic search, paid search, and emails. Under organic search, the company will create a platform with searches driven by search engines such as Google and Bing. After building an email list, it will serve as a medium of product distribution. Under the paid search platform, the company will pay for online listing of search results in order to receive more traffic (Tynan and McKechnie 514). The company will hire three vehicles fitted with loud speakers to announce the product across different regions where the target market is easily found. These automobiles will also be fitted with visible posters of the company web content product. The targeted clients will be advis ed on the exact procedure of buying the web content from the company website. In order to successfully implement this strategy, the Novel PR Company will have to hire five marketers on a temporary basis to accompany the marketing entourage. Promotion Through timely appeal to emotions and self prejudice, the Novel PR Company will increase their advertisement in the social media, newspaper and broadcast media, and billboards for the online web content product. The Novel PR Company will succeed in implementing this aspect of ‘jumping the queue’ ahead of other competitors through visible signs of the web content product all over the targeted region. These advertisement erected signs will endeavor to cue the visual mental aspect of the targeted customers into the product (Kotler and Keller 26). Marketing the product will be carried out through interactive marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, personal selling, and direct marketing. Under direct marketing, the Novel PR Company will identify potential clients and make contact either via phone or email. The interactive marketing will entail taking calls over Skype and building real time chat facilities into the company’s website. Personal selling will be executed through sales representatives and other company personnel who will be involved in direct selling of the products through their online accounts and social media presence. Lastly, the word-of-mouth marketing will be rolled out through referrals from satisfied customers (Kotler and Keller 19). The objective of the promotion exercise is to position the company as a reliable content provider. Thus, promotional communications will rely on online platforms through the internet. Conclusion Properly researched brand and product management plan determine the success and sustainability in penetrating market with a new product. To increase credibility and maintain professionalism, product processes and features should flawlessly facilitate a healthy and lifetime relationship between the company and its clients. A properly designed brand and product management plan should be practical in presenting brand knowledge, awareness, penetration strategy, and passing information to target audience. Generally, these concepts will be applied in the Novel PR Company brand. The concepts will be designed as flexible to market dynamics and embrace alterations where necessary. Basically, the company will heavily depend on referrals from satisfied customers as a reliable promotion channel. Bowden, John. â€Å"The Process of Customer Engagement: A Conceptual Framework.† Journal of Marketing Theory Practice, 17.1(2009): 63-74. Print. Kotler, Philip, and A. Gary. Marketing-an introduction, New York, NY: Pearson, 2013. Print. Kotler, Philip, and K. Keller. Marketing management. 14th ed. 2012. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Print. Rhim, Hosus and Conrad Lee. â€Å"Assessing potential threats to incumbent brands: new product positionin g under price competition in a multi segmented markets.† International Journal of Research in Marketing 22.1 (2005): 159-182. Print. Tynan, Caroline and Sandra McKechnie. â€Å"Experience Marketing: A Review and Reassessment.† Journal of Marketing Management 25.6 (2008): 501-527. Print.

Martha Stewart Unethical Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martha Stewart Unethical Practices - Essay Example Martha Stewart was able to muster enough strength to overall all insurmountable obstacles, including the stock market scandal, to retain her business and home icon status. Martha’s website, http://www.marthastewart.com/crafts, displays many of her business products. The business products include kids’ accessories, Crepe –paper crafts, handmade clutches /bags, clay, and other kids’ nature products. In addition, Martha Stewart sold products under the home and garden classification. The classification included organizing tips for the day. One product is helping current and prospective customers choose the right color for their homes. The classification includes organizing tips for the day. The classification offers access to her Living journal. Martha’s website offers an entertainment product classification. The classification offers current and prospective customers to buy her regularly printed Mart’s Entertaining journal. The classification offers products relating to cocktails. The classification sells baby shower products for the expecting mothers. The classification offers products for graduation activities. Martha Stewart’s website sells a product classification for wedding occasions. The classification offers different wedding gown designs. The classification offers seasonal ideas for the special marriage event. The classification offers 50 great wedding centerpieces. ... To ensure the success of her printed products, Thomas Mickey (2003) reiterated Martha Stewart personally launched her product. She appeared on NBC’s â€Å"Today† show to discuss the many advantages of buying her Martha Stewart Living journal. In addition, Martha Stewart devoted a section of the Martha Stewart Living journal to gardening topics. The journal was a huge success among gardening enthusiasts. Martha also produced her own show. Martha Stewart’s TV show allocated a portion to gardening topics. Martha Stewart was catapulted as one of gardening gurus. However, Carrie Johnson (2005) reported Martha Stewart was entangled in one unethical situation during her stay at the top of her business career. Martha Stewart was imprisoned for her part in the ImClone Systems stock trading acts that were classified as UNETHICAL. Martha Stewart was the chief executive officer ImClone Systems. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States probe of trading. In addition, two officers and the founder of ImClone Systems, Samuel Waksal, were arrested for their part in the stock market scandal. The officers of the company sold their stocks in the market to avoid generating losses from selling their stocks AFTER the news will crop up that the company is losing money. Likewise, both Zvi Fuks, the chairman of New York’s Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital, and Sabina Ben-Yehuda, an officer of an investment company with linkage to Waksal, sold their stocks after being tipped that the stock prices will drop after a few days. The arrests came after Martha Stewart served her sentence for obstructing investigation into her sale of ImClone stock. In terms of analysis, stock market prices rise when current and prospective

Africans who lived in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Africans who lived in America - Essay Example The land of Cleveland was one of the main regions inhabited by the African-American people; this was after the survey by Moses Cleaveland, who toured the place, acquired it and sold it through his Land Company. The more the black population grew the more the racism grew as well. It reached a point where public institutions became segregated and the black were in most case the victims of injustice. They were not allowed in some hospitals, theatres, and churches. They therefore opted to form their own churches and that was when Black African churches were formed. Despite the fact that Africans were not allowed to access education, some like Booker Washington and Will DuBois managed to get educated. They later became the champions for the enlightenment of the blacks by agitating for their rights. Keywords: Cleveland, Africans, Americans, Blacks, Whites, Racism, Segregation, Moses Cleveland, Booker Washington, Will DuBois 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain,  in detail,  who was Moses Cleavela nd, what were his goals for the Western Reserve? Moses Cleaveland was born in the year 1754 in the city of Canterbury in the county of Windham (Wheeler, 2000). He went to Yale College and graduated as a lawyer in 1777, and soon after his graduation, he went on to practice law in Canterbury; his service as a lawyer took a period of about 30 years. He was a lieutenant during revolution in America; this was during his practice as a lawyer when he joined an army at the Valley Forge, in the year 1978. He was married to Esther Champion with whom they had four children (Wheeler, 2000). The following year, Moses Cleaveland who was still in the army, was promoted to the position of captain. He was also elected as a member of the Connecticut general assembly representing Canterbury (Wheeler, 2000). In 1796, he led the first voyage to Western Reserve; he is remembered for his relentless effort in championing the ratification of the US constitution. He is best known for his investment skills an d hard work while serving as an officer of Connecticut Land Company. He had a band of surveyors varying from men and women, as well as experts. Through his great leadership skills, he managed to lead the whole team of surveyors into discovering a city; they named it Cleveland in his honor. He was always a happy man who enjoyed success and appreciated the effort of team work; this attribute is seen when he organized a ceremony to mark his team’s success for having arrived at the new Connecticut. He declared Cleveland as the new city of Connecticut and wished it a long life. After the great mission, he went back to Canterbury in Connecticut and on November 16, 1806, General Moses Cleaveland passed on, leaving behind a lot of legacy. A statute was erected in the new Connecticut in his memory. Western Reserve was discovered, it was a great land with great potential for business activities. According to Miller (1997), â€Å"as Moravian missionary John Heckewelder noted in 1976, t he area had the best prospect of water communication from Lake Erie to the Ohio River† (p. 143). Despite all the hypes, early settlers in the region had to migrate due to the miasmic swamps, which often made them sick. The federal government had to make a decision on how to dispose off the land. Lucky enough, the Connecticut land company under the leadership of Moses Cleaveland, came in and bought the land from the federal authority. His reasons for buying the land were to use it for agriculture and commercial purposes. Cleaveland’s immediate goal was to utilize the available lakes and rivers for communication. He had men, food, and instruments that were used for surveying and he needed to transport them by the lake. It was while in this mission that he discovered the lake was long enough for commercial

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Language is the vehicle for most learning, so when a child has speech, language and communication difficulties it can affect the development of the child’s cognitive, social and emotional wellbeing. The level of development problems will vary depending on the severity of the problems and the support that the child receives. All children can benefit from some support in speech, language and communications because of how important it is for learning. We need all three elements of speech, language and communication to get our message across, without any of these, what a child says and understands may become confused. Here are some areas that may be affected. Personal, social and emotional development. Some may find it difficult to follow the rules of communication and interact socially with others. Because they may find it hard to express themselves and get their views and needs across to others they can often find themselves avoiding social interaction situations. This can then make them feel they lack confidence and have a low self-esteem. Decision making will become difficult and they may start to rely on others to make decisions for them. Friendships. Friendships are very important for children. Children with speech, language and communications difficulties can find making and maintaining friendships a real challenge. The ability to understand and negotiate disagreements, socialise with peers and be part of a friendship group is an important development in life. This can become even more difficult as the child progresses through primary school as the need increases for them to become more aware of the feelings, thoughts and motives of others. Behaviour. Children with these difficulties can often become frustrated, this can result in them demonstrating behaviour difficulties. These can range from occasional bouts of unpredictable behaviour to more specific patterns of misbehaviour. Sometimes because of this poor behaviour, which is often seen as the bigger issue, the language difficulties can be missed. Play. Play is a vital part of a child’s development, by playing they can learn from their peers. When a child struggles with speech, language and communication, this can have an effect on their ability to play with others. They may not have the confidence to mix with others and participate in games as they can struggle to understand the rules or to make themselves be understood when explaining what they want to play. Literacy. Spoken language is important for the development of reading and writing. Children with speech and language problems will often go on to also have reading and writing difficulties. Children who are unable to understand complex oral language and word meanings can have reading difficulties because their ability to understand and produce written language is limited. This can have a knock on effect with accessing the rest of the curriculum, for example, for the development of maths there needs to be an understanding of language and instructions to help with mathematical problem solving and using number and shape names. Adapting Communications Methods. There are lots of things all practitioners can do to help a child with language and communication difficulties. The level of adaptions required will depend on the severity of the child’s difficulties. You will need to discover how the child communicates and just how well they can communicate to be able to make the best adaptions. It would certainly be advisable for all practitioners to take part in a speech and language therapy total communication workshop. This will explain the ability to communicate by whatever means available. This may include a combination of any of the following. Natural gesture, e.g. painting, body movements, speech, vocal noises, signs, symbols, pictures and photos. Children are more likely to learn and take in more when they are not rushed and given time to listen. Slow your speech down so that they have more time to process what is being said to them or asked of them. Make sure the child is given time to answer a question. By rushing them into answeri ng can make them feel they have failed and therefore less likely to want to attempt to communicate. Objects of reference can be used as a way of communication. These are objects that are chosen to represent activities, places, times etc. and are used meaningfully and systematically. Objects are used because they are multi-sensory and permanent. They also help when used in a systematic way. It can develop symbolic understanding, for example, something that can represent something else. Develop the understanding of what’s going to happen next. Develops the concept of start and finish. It also helps retention of information by the use of prompts. It will develop the ability to communicate when using objects of reference. It is important to speak to the child, but the level of language should be based on the level of understanding by the child. Use keywords, known vocabulary and have a consistent routine. PECS(Picture Exchange Communication System) can help those that have communication difficulties to initiate communication, although this is a very structural approach and best implemented by someone who is trained in it. When giving children with language and communication difficulties instructions or explaining to them about an activity, it is important that you make sure the child has fully understood what has been said to them. Asking the child to repeat what you have asked them or get them to explain the activity to you will help you decide if they have a good understanding of what is asked of them. You can help by shortening your sentences and use more simple words that are age and development related. Signing with a child can be helpful in many ways, it gains their attention and can improve eye contact, expressive speech can develop. Signing is known to stimulate the some area of the brain as speech, make sure you sign slowly and only sign keywords. It is important to speak naturally with the signs. Do not overload the child with too many signs and only teach the signs that are useful to the child that you are working with. Just by learning a few key signs such as drink and toilet can enhance s ome children’s lives enormously. English as an addition Language. Because there are more and more children entering the childcare settings who speak English as an additional language, practitioners may have to give extra support to these children to help them develop their skills in English. Practitioners should value this linguistic diversity and provide opportunities for these children to use and develop their home language in their play and learning. Home language skills are transferable to new languages and can strengthen the child’s understanding of language use. As some of the child’s family may not speak any English, it is important to understand that the child will still need to speak their home language for communications in the home. Home languages are vital for maintaining positive family connections. Practitioners have a key role in reassuring parents that by maintaining and developing their home language will benefit their children with their developing skills in English. English will need to be learnt in a context, throu gh practical meaningful experiences and interactions with others. These children may spend a long time listening before they speak and go through a silent phase. This is not usually a cause for concern as they are still learning. They will often be able to understand much of what they hear, especially where communication through gesture, facial expression and visual support is encouraged. Understanding is always in advance in spoken language and it is important that children do not feel pressured into speaking until they feel confident to do so, but it is essential that adults continue to talk to the children with the expectation that they will respond. Learning opportunities should be planned to help children develop their English. Build on the child’s experiences of language at home, so that their developing use of English and other languages support one another. Provide a variety of writing in the children’s home languages as well as English including books, labels and notices. Make sure the child has a range of opportunities to engage in speaking and listening activities in English with peers and adults. Practitioners will also have to keep close supervision over children that have English as an additional language and continually reinforce instructions, as these children may find it difficult to understand rules and boundaries and therefore can place themselves at risk of danger and hurting themselves. Supporting Speech, Language and Communication needs of children. The earlier any problems with a child’s speech are picked up the better as the relevant support can be put into place. It is therefore vital for all those working with children to appreciate the importance of speech, language and communication. Make sure they are aware of how they can support the development of speech, language and communications in all children. Are able to identify children with difficulties and know where to get them additional support. Know how to work with specialists such as speech therapists. It’s not always easy to tell if a child has a speech, language and communication need, it can depend on several things, and for example what age the child is and what type of difficulties they may have. Usually a parent or a family member will be the first person to realise the child has a difficulty, sometimes it can be staff at a nursery or school who notice there is a problem. Testing can begin right from birth as many babies now have a new-born hearing t est. Problems with hearing can lead to speech difficulties. If a parent has concerns about their child’s speech, language and communication development, they can seek advice from their health visitor, G.P. school nurse or teacher. Any of these should be able to support the parent in making a referral to a speech and language therapist if necessary. Speech and language therapists have specialist skills and knowledge about the development of speech and language. They are trained to assess the child’s speech and language development, notice whether there are any difficulties, make a diagnosis and develop an individual treatment plan to the child’s needs and work alongside the parent to implement the plan. Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Speech, language and communication development are at the heart of all childrens learning and link to other areas of a childs development. Without speech, language and communication skills, a child will not be able to reach their full potential. According to the charity ICAN, 1 in 10 children in the UK, 2 or 3 in every classroom have communication difficulties that require specialist help. (http://www.ican.org.uk/) With such a high number of children with communication difficulties, it is important to have knowledgeable practitioners to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills. Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, you will be able to: Explain how speech and language difficulties can impact on a childs overall development. Describe ways in which communication can be modified or adapted. Explain how to meet the communication needs of children who speak English as an additional language. Analyse the role that other professionals play in supporting the speech, language and communication needs of children. Introduction There are increasing numbers of children entering an educational environment with speech and language difficulties. This unit will enable you to understand some of the main causes of speech and language difficulties and the effects it can have on other areas of childrens development. This unit will help you to understand how to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills and adapt your communication accordingly. Effects of speech and language difficulties Speech and language difficulties in children can be caused by many different factors: Childhood Illnesses Chronic ear infections can have an effect on a childs speech and language development. If ear infections are persistent, fluid will be present in the ear for long periods of time. This can result in hearing difficulties, which can affect how a child processes language, which can in turn result in delayed speech and language. Use of dummies and bottles Prolonged use of dummies and bottles in babies and young children can have effects on a childs speech, language and communication. Before babies learn to say words and sentences, they explore their voices by producing noises and different sounds. Prolonged use of dummies and bottles can result in a child using their voice less often to make noises and sounds. The teat from the bottle or dummy can also prevent normal movement of the tongue and lips at the front of the mouth; leading to distorted speech. Difficulty in using oral muscles Oral motor disorders can affect children. A child that has an oral motor disorder will find it difficult to use the muscles in their lips, jaw and tongue. Difficulty in using these muscles will affect how a child can use their mouth and create difficulties with speaking, eating and drinking. Developmental Difficulties Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties experience difficulties in communicating. They find it difficult to understand or use verbal or non-verbal communication skills. Pregnancy or birth difficulties Dysarthria is a condition affecting the muscles used for speech, creating speech and language difficulties. It is often caused by changes to the brain during pregnancy and at birth. Lack of stimulation Children learn by watching others. They observe and copy language, behaviour and actions of others around them. If a child does not receive language stimulation in their early years, they will not acquire effective language and communication skills. The Literacy Trust runs an initiative titled, talk to your baby to support early language stimulation. They explain that, lack of early language stimulation can lead to language delay, and sometimes literacy and learning difficulties that then extend well beyond early literacy development and can be extremely costly or difficult to remedy. (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/talk_to_your_baby/about) The Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Speech, language and communication skills are fundamental to promoting other areas of learning. During a recent review of the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum by Dame Clare Tickell (The Tickell Review), it became apparent that communication and language skills provide a strong foundation for further learning to take place. As a result of this review, Communication and Language development has now become a prime area of learning for children within the Early Years Foundation Stage. If a child is having difficulties with communication and language, their overall development may be affected. The impact of a childs communication and language difficulties will vary depending on the childs individual needs and severity of their difficulties. The following areas could be affected: Personal, Social and Emotional Development Friendships Behaviour Play Literacy Mathematics Personal, Social and Emotional Development Personal, social and emotional development looks at how children develop self-confidence and self-esteem and also at how children make choices and decisions. A child with a communication and language difficulty may find it difficult to express their needs and preferences, meaning that they may refrain from making their own choices and decisions. The development of acceptable social skills is reliant upon play and interaction with others. Children may not feel confident in entering social situations where they find it difficult to interact or participate to a full extent; this can negatively affect their social and emotional difficulties. Friendships The development of friendships relies on positive interaction between two people. Children build friendships by communicating and interacting with one another. Positive communication relies on eye contact, body language and gestures to be used alongside language in order to understand what another person is saying. As children become older, language is essential for establishing and maintaining relationships. A child with difficulties communicating may be left out of friendships. Behaviour Communication and language difficulties and behaviour are closely linked. Children, who have difficulty listening and processing language, therefore may not understand the rules and boundaries of the classroom or setting. This may result in tantrums or frustration demonstrated by the child, as they are unable to understand why they are not allowed to do something. Communication difficulties can result in a child having fewer opportunities for social interaction with other children and less experience in co-operating and sharing with others. In this instance, children may not understand the social expectations of play, which can result in the child snatching toys, rather than learning how to share. If a child has difficulty verbally communicating, they may become frustrated as they are unable to explain their interests and needs. Play Play is valuable for young children. The Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum values play as an effective method of learning for young children, play is essential for childrens development, building their confidence as they learn to explore, to think about problems, and relate to others. Children who have difficulty with communication may find it difficult to engage with and relate to other children during play. As children become older, they enjoy using language to communicate with each other and to play team games with rules. Difficulty engaging with others or understanding the rules of games can leave a child isolated and left out of activities with other children. This will also affect a childs confidence and self-esteem. Insert photo here: http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-4096771-left-out.php?st=fcaf64f This image shows how a child can be left out from group games and activities. Literacy Speech and language skills are important for childrens literacy development. Difficulty in understanding and processing language can lead to delays in the development of phonic skills and reading. The ability to understand written communication is an essential tool for learning, as it supports learning across other areas of the curriculum. Mathematics Mathematical development includes aspects such as problem solving and reasoning, which often require understanding of language and instructions. Many other areas of Mathematics also rely upon the use of mathematical language, such as using number and shape names and numerical language. This close link between literacy and mathematics can cause mathematical delays for children with communication difficulties. Adapting communication methods Children with speech, language and communication difficulties will all have varying degrees of severity and will therefore need different levels of support. There are many different strategies that can be adopted in order to support individual children. Slow down your communication In order to process language, children require time to listen, think about and work out what has been said to them. Slowing down the speed in which you communicate with children will give them time to listen to and process the language. By pausing after asking questions, children will get the chance to think about an answer to the question. Do not rush children. This may result in the child feeling like they have failed and will lower their self-esteem and confidence. Children will be more likely to attempt to communicate and answer questions if they feel comfortable and get the opportunity to participate. Use Visual Aids Using visual aids can support children in understanding communication. Within everyday communication, gestures and hand actions can support a conversation and can engage a child. Within a setting, visual aids can be used to help the child to understand the daily routine and to make choices and decisions. A visual timetable is a popular strategy used to give children structure for the day and reduce anxiety. A visual timetable is a sequence of symbols or pictures that is displayed in order to demonstrate the activities planned for the session. Children can become involved in the visual timetable by removing the symbols when that activity is complete. Symbols or pictures can also be used to support children in decision making. For example, a practitioner could have symbols for different types of fruit and encourage a child to choose a picture to represent what they would like for their snack. This strategy can be applied to other areas of the childs day, such as choosing activities. Check Childrens Knowledge and Understanding When giving children instructions or explaining an activity, it is important to clarify their knowledge and understanding of the task. By encouraging children to repeat the instructions or by asking them to explain what they are expected to do, you will be able to ensure that they have understood what you have asked them to do. Simplify your Language Shortening your sentences and simplifying your language can help children to process language and understand what has been said to them. Think about the words you use with children and ensure that they are not too complex for their age and stage of development. For example, you could replace the word construct with the word build. Guided Activity Think about some of the vocabulary you use with children. For each word or phrase, identify a simplified version you could use with children with communication difficulties. Praise Childrens Efforts Giving children praise is an important method to promote the use of communication. Praising a child for participating in an activity or for what they have done well will help to build a childs self-esteem and confidence and may further encourage their participation. Share the conversation Model the correct language and communication Being a good role model is important for all childrens acquisition of language and communication; however it is especially important for children with communication difficulties. If a child is saying a word or sentence wrong, do not place emphasis on the error, but repeat the word or sentence back to them in its correct form. For example, if a child says me do paint, you could join in with the child and say, Im doing some painting too. Use Alternative and Augmentative Communication Methods For some children that have little or no verbal communication skills, using an alternative or augmentative communication method is essential to enable them to communicate their needs and preferences. Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties will often have little or no speech. They will usually be able to understand communication, but will need alternative communication methods to enable them to communicate their wishes. Supporting children who speak English as an additional language There are more and more children entering childcare settings who speak English as an additional language. Most of these children will have developed speech, language and communication skills in their home language and will need support from practitioners to develop their skills in English. It is important for practitioners to recognise childrens home languages as important because: The child will feel valued and respected. The home language is important for family relationships and connections. Some members of a childs family, may not speak any English, therefore a child will still need to speak their home language for vital communications in the home.

Comparison of Hobbes and Al-Farabi

Reading Response 4 Sarah Zou Sep. 23. 2012 LBST 1B11 Comparison of Hobbes and Al-Farabi Human nature was one of the most controversial topics now and then. In two of the world’s greatest philosophers’ essay, they discussed their own perception of human nature. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), England’s political philosopher, who discussed his view on the degeneration of human nature in his book, Leviathan, which depicted the natural state of humanity as nasty and brutish.His point of view came across many similarities as Al- Farabi (870- 950 CE) an Arab Scientist and philosopher during the Golden Age of Islam. With a group of philosopher, Al- Farabi created synthesis on Aristotelian thought and Muslin theology. His subject of interests varies from music to sociological and political issues. In his, On the Perfect State, he compared political state as a body, which the most important part of heart was the ruler. From both Hobbes and Al-Farabis’ perspective they b oth argued, in order to maintain a civil society, a form of ruling system was more than necessary.Hobbes suggested that the nature of men were equal, because everyone has different strengths that others may not posses. Al-Farabi supported this point by saying that human is not naturally perfect, they needed to be provided, and contribute to the needs of society with their strength in order to achieve perfection. And because of this equality, Hobbes stated, men needed to compete against each other or became enemies to achieve their goals. Therefore no one can be trusted because their interests might conflict and become enemies.So it was unclear that how powerful one must become to be always secured. However this theory contradicts with Al-Farabi’s statement of people in societies must co-operate and come together to supply each other. Another point Hobbes declared regarding human nature was: everyone desired to be valued, but when they were not, they damage others to get more value. Thus it was significant to sustain a form of constrain to prevent the destruction, and sustain justice in the society. Similar statement by Al-Farabi also supported Hobbes’ idea.When part of the system is out of order, the ruler or the heart of the system must remove the disorder. Consequently both essay emphasized: Even though a law system might limit certain people’s freedom, only when there was law, justice could be remained. Hobbes’ idea of peace means not only without conflict but a reliable structure to prevent conflict. By freeing men’s nature, there were no forms of government to restrain or assurance, so war appears. During a time of war, man’s security could only be coming from one’s own strength.There were neither society nor culture, only fear and danger of violent death in war. Human nature will do what they desire until they know of a law that will stop them. Only when there is law there is justice. Although Al-Farabiâ⠂¬â„¢s interpretation of a perfect society could agree to Hobbes’ law system, his idea on the qualities of a ruler differs from Hobbes’ perception of human nature. Al-Farabi described an ideal ruler had to be naturally born with leadership skills, and in the process of leading, decisions made the rulers were often relying heavily on their nature and virtue.However, Hobbes thought, virtue is not ability that inherited by man, or given by nature, with no exception to the rulers, because the rulers were human themselves, their desire were no different than others. Therefore, to maintain a civilized, justice and organized society could not only rely on the virtue of human nature, but also through a system of law to constrain some desires of people, even the leaders, to achieve an overall freedom and security for the majority.

Kite Runner Essay

â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (2). This is the line that rolls through Amir’s mind over and over throughout Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner. This is the story of a man’s struggle to find redemption. The author illustrates with the story of Amir that it is not possible to make wrongs completely right again because it’s too late to change past. In this novel Hosseini is telling us that redemption is obtainable, and by allowing us to see Amir’s thought process throughout the novel, Hosseini shows us that it guilt is the primary motivation for someone who seeks redemption. Hosseini also uses not only the main character, but other secondary characters to show how big of a part that guilt plays in the desire for redemption. In this novel, redemption is not when things are justified, because the wrong has been done and you can’t go back to the past and change things to make it right. Rather, as defined in a letter to Amir by an old family friend, Rahim Khan, redemption is when the guilt from something wrong leads to something good (302). Guilt is a strong incentive in a quest for redemption and it isn’t easy to shake. There is a way to be good again† Rahim Khan said to Amir in the beginning of the novel, insinuating that there was hope. That there was a way for Amir to have peace with himself and let go of his guilt. This phrase was something that echoed in Amir’s mind throughout the novel and would be a reminder that there was a way to be rid of the guilt that plagued him, a way to be good again. We can see how heavy this guilt is even at the beginning of the novel when we don’t even know the reason why he would be guilty. Amir begins his story by telling us â€Å"I became what I am today at the age of 12† 1). The first thing we notice is that he says â€Å"what I am today† rather than â€Å"who† and as we finish the first chapter it leaves us with the slightly bitter feeling that the narrator has dark past that he cannot shake, a past that has been hovering over his life. He gives us the idea that he is not happy with who he has become, and it was his wrong doing that made it that way. Hosseini shows that it is Amir’s immense guilt that drives him to want to make things right and to earn redemption. We learn about Amir’s guilt through his memorie s. It is caused by a lack of response at a time when his loyal servant and close friend Hassan is in trouble. Amir makes a conscious decision to hide in the distance and just watch, not because he was afraid. He sacrifices Hassan in order to earn his father’s attention and affection. This decision results in Hassan suffering though a traumatic experience and is the root of Amir’s lasting regret. At first, Amir does not seek to earn redemption. We know that he is ashamed at what he has done but he prefers to hide his guilt rather than confess and redeem himself right away. After the incident, Amir attempted to avoid Hassan at all costs. Even when Hassan approached him to see if he wanted to go for a walk, like they used to do frequently, Amir refused to go with him and told him to go away (88). He knew that he didn’t deserve his friends unwavering love and loyalty. This is just the beginnings of his guilt. We leave Amir’s childhood memories and return to the summer of 2001, where Amir and Baba, Amir’s father, have moved to America (191). Amir embraced this move as a chance to bury his memories and forget his past in hopes to remove his guilt. With Hassan on the other side of the world, Amir doesn’t have any problem avoiding him and yet many times his memories would still sneak up on him. Some of the littlest things would remind him of his friend, and bring back the shame of the wrong that he had done. When Amir first saw the Pacific Ocean he recalls a promise he made Hassan that one day they would walk and play along the beach (136). Even after ten years had gone by, he continued to attempt to bury his past, but we see that the guilt still doesn’t leave. When he discussed his story with Soraya, his future wife, she told him about the time she taught one of her families hired servants how to read. This conversation reminded him of how he used to take advantage of Hassan’s illiteracy (151). Also he remembered that on his wedding night he found himself wondering if Hassan had gotten married and to whom (171). Like these examples, Amir is unsuccessful in removing his guilt by trying to run from it but instead the past constantly came back to haunt him. There are many instances where we can see the guilt that still burdens Amir even later on in the story. More than twenty-five years later, after Amir learns about the death of Hassan, he can’t help but wonder if Hassan would have still been alive if he hadn’t driven Hassan’s family out of his house when they where children. Rahim Khan called Amir back to Pakistan and told him that there was indeed â€Å"a way to be good again† (192). He gives Amir the opportunity to redeem himself by asking him to save Hassan’s son, Sohrab. Amir refuses at first and attempts to come up with excuses to be able to turn Rahim down without adding to his guilt. To convince himself that he wasn’t obligated to save Sohrab. He told himself that he had to be back home with his family and his job, but again the line that Rahim said played through Amir’s head. â€Å"There’s a way to be good again. † Amir knew that this was his last chance to earn his redemption and end his guilt (226). Amir had taken his guilt out on the very people that he had betrayed and then tried to run away from it all. He realizes this and asks himself â€Å"what had I ever done to right things† (303). As Rahim says â€Å"Redemption comes when guilt leads to good. You can may never fully get rid of the guilt or make right what has been wronged, but it is this guilt that motivates you to try. We see in his thought process just how motivated he is by guilt. As much as he doesn’t want to help Sohrab, he is drawn by the need for redemption, and the need to remove his guilt. This line running through his head over and over again shows just how much that guilt has driven him to yearn for things to be right. We don’t get to see Amir reach his point of redemption and we don’t get to watch him be completely relieved of his heavy laden of guilt. However the ending does leave us hopeful. Although nothing has been made right it was the beginning and leaves us with hope and the assurance that Amir is on his way to finding his redemption. Amir describes Sohrab’s lopsided smile at him being like the first snowflake melting in the spring, the first bit of good that had come out of his quest (371). Amir is not the only one who is haunted by his past in this novel. We can also see how guilt drives some of the other characters to find their redemption. This is a huge secret and we learn from Rahim Khan that Baba, for fear of being shamed, had hid the fact that Amir’s lifelong friend was actually his half-brother (223). Rahim tells Amir in a letter that the guilt that Baba carried from, keeping this secret was why he cared so much about the poor, built an orphanage and gave to whoever needed money (302). Even after Baba had done so much good, his past still had haunted him. One example of this was at Amir’s graduation, Baba wished Hassan could have been there too since he was like one of the family (133). Unlike Amir who ran from his chances for redemption, Baba took advantage and made right what was wrong. Rahim Khan also carried this secret with Baba, and this was something that he too sought redemption from. In the same letter, he asked Amir for his forgiveness. Even when Amir was a child Rahim treated him well and was sympathetic to his needs and his lack of self respect. Another secondary character who was searching for redemption in this novel was Amir’s wife Soraya. Before they get married confesses to him about the time she ran away with someone as a teenager and clears up her past which had also haunted her (164). Even after she confessed to Amir, people still talked down about her because of her past (178). Amir, like Baba, Rahim Khan and Soraya, had sinned by what he had done, or rather what he didn’t do. This caused guilt which he attempted to hide, but the memories and the past continued to haunt him, nag at him, and remind him of the person who had loved him so much. The person he had turned around and betrayed in their time of need. This guilt of betrayal weighs on Amir’s character throughout the story, and pushes him to seek out redemption. He longs to â€Å"be good again† and get rid of the guilt that he has carried since he was just twelve years old.

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