Essay on Uganda A Country in Need of Economic Growth

Uganda, formally known as the Republic of Uganda, is a poverty stricken country plagued with economic instabilities. Since the 1980’s, the economy has remained on a fairly steady climb, but many have doubts about the continuation of growth. Uganda will never achieve a stable economy if they do not establish changes to their infrastructure. To implement these modifications and maintain economic progression, Uganda will need 1) better government determination to end corruption, 2) commitment to improve the weak educational reforms, and 3) a decrease in their export vulnerabilities. Fortunately, the country is experiencing a much needed evolution in telecommunication which could be the single most contributing factor for an improved economy.†¦show more content†¦The strategy consists of three components: 1. Educating the public about the risks and consequences involved with corruption 2. Preventing corruption 3. Investigating all claims about corruption Other doubts concerning economic growth are being raised due to the government’s failure to maintain a determination in pressing reforms. The country is not creating enough jobs and the growing deficit is furthering their debt. Educational reforms are in dire need of being imposed to allow for a knowledgeable country. Uganda has been donated mass quantities of money from countries all over the globe, who are aiming to increase the education level for the nation, but unfortunately there isn’t much to illustrate an educational escalation. The government delivers announcements regarding education being a fundamental human right and the necessity of education, but they never stick with the reforms long enough to construct changes. Illiteracy is common in Uganda, especially in the female population. How can they establish a substantial economy when they have deprived, under nurtured minds? The government needs to enforce four things: 1) Construct more schools while improving the institutes already placed and make transportation more readily available 2) Reduce the expenses for education to make it affordable to the entire public 3) Provide better tools for teaching 4) Decrease teacher/student ratio The global economic recession and weak external exports have woundedShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Uganda And Uganda Are Neighbours892 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Kenya and Uganda are neighbours. They are all within East Africa together with Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan. Even though they are within the same region; their development status in agriculture, industrialization, democracy, health, and education economies differ greatly. Discussion: Uganda: Uganda has considerably natural resources. These include fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently they discovered oil. 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Analysis Of The Book Entanglement - 1902 Words

The study of quantum mechanics has been ongoing for hundreds of years. The book, Entanglement by Amir D. Aczel allows the reader to see the evolution of the study of quantum mechanics over those hundreds of years from a fresh perspective. He offers an inside look at the scientists who have contributed so much to the field throughout the years. In his book, Aczel humanizes the people who we previously looked at just as names behind different theories, equations, and methods by exploring their backgrounds and their own unique motivations to study quantum mechanics. He shows how their work over the years built unto that of their predecessors. The scientists come from different generations and places, but Aczel shows that they all share something in common. While only some of them were aware of it at the time, all of their work would contribute to the discovery and understanding of one of the most complex issue of quantum mechanics, entanglement. 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Organizational Culture Management Theories †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizational Culture Management Theories? Answer: Introduction Ursula Burns was the Ex-Chairwoman of Xerox Corporations since 2010 and was ex-CEO from 2009 to 2016. She was the first African-American woman who headed Fortune 500 Company. She succeeded Anne Mulcahy and became the 22nd most powerful woman in the world as rated by Forbes. She led a workforce of more than 140,000 employees who served clients over 160 companies. She exhibited missionary leadership style where she encouraged her employees to give their best and reflected optimistic personality. Therefore, the following report involves the exploration of the chosen leader, Ursula Marketing, leadership style and theories, organizational culture and change management theories. Ursula Burns: Leadership style Ursula Burns started her career at Xerox in 1980 when she joined as summer intern and joined the company permanently in 1981. In January 1990, she made an unexpected turn and became senior executive. Later in June, she became the executive assistant to chairperson and finally chief executive. In 2009, she became the CEO and continued until May 2010. She got married to Lloyd Bean residing at Manhattan (Humphrey 2013). Gone are those days of autocratic dictation and Ursula Burns is the prime example. Her recruitment as CEO marked the major milestones. She became the first African-American woman, CEO of an esteemed organization and secondly, she became the first woman to succeed another woman at the top position of such a large size company. Her leadership trait exhibited authenticity and self-awareness. Her positive personality resonated with her employees and the community. She is humble, open and grounded. She has profound knowledge about technology along with sharp humour, frankness and willingness to take challenges. She is an example of such kind of leaders who is not egocentric and self-serving, rather assertive in helping the employees (Byrnes and Crockett 2009). The missionary leadership style of Ursula is aimed at aspiring to succeed and significance. She believed that it is important to build something original, meaningful rather than winning and beating others in the competition. It is about making an impact and difference rather than making money. Her leadership style depicts that human values are important driving success rather than economic value. Therefore, she is different from the classic entrepreneurs and take risks, although, it is short-term and makes less impact than expected. This set her apart from the other leaders who just run the companies, but she aims to run the company to a cause. Helping others and human values are the things that matter in this leadership style. She prioritizes the building of relationships rather than making money and business. She reflected on her own values, morals and priorities in life (Shambora 2009). The power of leadership that she possess is built upon values, honesty and being straightforward. She has the power of culture that helped her to succeed in her business. The good times are strengthened, diversified teamwork and changing the bad times became the culture itself in the organization. This is the reason missionary style helped her to know the employees and motivate them to know what they are. This power of vision helped her to get gain the highest success and exceed forward. When they shared a common goal, it recognized the power of people and helped them serve customers better making them the centre to everything. She understood the value of leadership being honest, consistent and forceful (Gilbert, Eyring and Foster 2012). Ursula Burns followed unique leadership traits that made her a successful leader as she listens to her employees, authentic, measure goals for better outcomes in making decisions and help employees to enjoy their job so that they can have most success. Reddins 3-D Theory (Missionary) This theory was developed through the modification of Blake and Monton Managerial Grid Theory. It explains that in missionary leadership style, the individual enjoys a friendly relationship with others in the organization. This leadership style was adopted by Ursula Burns where she valued her employees and involved them in the decision making process. According to this theory, the missionary style is unique that believes in harmony and value humanity. It is a supportive and an effective approach where it emphasizes on promoting positive climate and congeniality at the workplaces. The missionary style leaders try to keep their employees happy and provide supportive behaviour rather than defensive counterpart (Bonilla-Rodriguez 2016). From the Reddins 3-D theory of management, missionary leadership style is the empowerment of others working in harmony. The goal of this type of leadership is to become critical thinkers who empower staffs and involve them in the decision-making process. The leader creates a collective purpose and become active members in the organization. Committed and creative staffs are the most important asset as compared to the development brought by an administrator (Limbare 2012). With the same vision, Ursula Burns brought the highly motivated employees together, each with a common vision and moulded them into a team with single vision. This task is challenging, yet rewarding where all the employees are set out to work impossible against odds and a team is formed that have sense of fulfilment and successful. She promoted vision, directed people, promoted good working condition and work together to pursue the companys wishes and goals (Pawar 2014). Criticism of missionary leadership style However, this missionary leadership style is less effective than other leadership style. Audit are charismatic leaders who are proven activators, however they lack follow-through in terms of execution. These leaders might miss on the practical and finer technical details as they focus on human relationships and values. They are also criticised as self-promoting leaders, however, it has its own strengths. They inspire their followers to act and head towards the goals. The key phrase for these leaders is working together that helps them to connect together and work in achieving goals (Pea-Acua 2017). This is the reason Ursula Burns is highly appealing to her followers and her leadership style help to forge lasting relationships in business. As these leaders respect human values, they are easily approachable and help to build strong relationships with the followers. Transformational leadership theory Missionary leadership style aligns with the transformational leadership where the leaders and their followers work together to achieve the highest level of motivation and morality. They are driven by commitment to the cause and convictions. The transformational leaders set clear goals and have high expectations from the employees and organization. Ursula Burns and her ideas went into process that helped her to become a transformational leader by creating a clear vision that is inspiring and far-sighted (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo and Gutirrez-Gutirrez 2012). She motivated her people to deliver the vision by building trustworthy and strong relationships. This leadership theory explains that the leaders create a high performing workforce and inspire people to work beyond the requirements of the task. The transformational leaders have a charismatic appeal who works with people to change the way an organization works (Sadeghi and Pihie 2012). There is a consistent mission, vision, and leader guide follower by giving them a sense of challenge and meaning. They are creative and innovative in nature that encourage ideas from people and focus on problems rather than on the blaming part. This made her a transformational leader where she motivated her employees and pulled the organization from brink of failure. Followers and Organizational change To follow the missionary leadership style was not easy for Mrs Burns. They have to face resistance and challenges in building an effective team of motivated employees. When she joined as the CEO of Xerox Corporations, she put all her leadership advice into test. She did not try to put an end to all the problems, rather tried to find solutions. She started building her teams and set a clear picture of the hurdles that Xerox is experiencing from outside. There was a lot of change witnessed at the Company and she tried to build a great and diverse team whom she can trust, listen and get honest critic on which she could rely on. She believed in trusting and listening to her team that she considered is the key to success and helped her become an effective leader (Cornileus 2013). Employees at Xerox greeted her with open heart as she created a philosophy on how to grab opportunity and take individual responsibilities. She made people work, think and talk together so that they can be brough t into discussion and propose a clear vision. She made her followers believe that an insider (employee) can bring the change rather than an outsider and that brought incomparable institutional knowledge and deep well of trust and respect in the organization (Lee et al. 2014). Every organization has a culture depending on its diversity and strength influencing behaviour and attitude of the organization. To change something, resistance and barriers are encountered at every step. Organizational culture is defined as the system of meaning that are shared by the employees distinguishing one from the other organizations. When she joined as CEO, she brought about two changes in the organization by taking initiatives in two directions: getting Xerox into the domain of information technology and in 2011, she introduced the Xerox Cloud that includes business process management and mobile printing. She also took initiative for the cultural change management from terminal niceness to embracing frankness and risk-taking (nytimes.com 2017). The old Xerox culture of terminal niceness offers counter production to growth and innovation. She maintained a delicate balance between frankness and civility that requires humility. This made a change at Xerox where employees were open, honest and decisive. She focused on innovation and inculcated the risk-taking behaviour in her employees. The decisions taken within the organization is people and team oriented so that the outcomes have positive effects on the people. She believed that where one is, is not the person one is. One has to perform his or her own responsibilities and that she tried to make the Xerox culture. Ursula had to face many challenges from the competitors like digital imaging and so the company had to focus on the information technology and client services business. She was able to establish this transition as there was diversity of ranks and opinions within the diversified workforce in the organization. Ursulas leadership style greatly motivated her employees and that led to the productivity at Xerox and sustainable business. The main leadership trait of Ursula is that she instilled self-motivation and transformed the employees towards the accomplishment of organizational goals (businesstoday.in 2017). Change management Ursula Burns followed the theory of being nice to neighbours that means to run a successful business; one has to maintain good relations on a global basis. This led to the sustainability and became a part of customer value proposition as well as the associated working communities. The diverse workforce along with active, passionate, dedicated and engaged workforce helped to manage the change that was initiated in the organization. She made a diversified and leading workforce that worked to sustain the change and maintain position at the Fortune 500. The repositioning and change brought in the organization was strong and fast enough being sustained and confirmed (Cuthbertson, Furseth and Ezell 2015). It offered a brand new range of opportunities and growth for the employees and organization as a whole. The diversification and community engagement helped the company to manage and sustain change in the organization. This diversity was the key success for Xerox that helped the company to achieve its societal and financial goals. Xerox is more than a photocopying company now. Employees at Xerox have a sense of importance in the decision-making that led to a profitable, sustainable and successful business (Ndubuizu and Britton 2016). Conclusion Missionary leadership style of Ursula operated in a way where the employees received positive motivation for performing well. Her leadership style worked well as she possess personality trait to bring out the best in her employees. She exhibited missionary leadership style where she encouraged her employees to give their best and reflected optimistic personality. She brought the highly motivated employees together, each with a common vision and moulded them into a team with single vision. She brought information technology and mobile printing at Xerox after joining as the CEO. Therefore, her leadership style brought an organizational change and that helped in the change management at the company. References Bonilla-Rodriguez, D.M., 2016. Latinas in the Workplace: Creating a Path of Success.Gender, economics, and Ethnicity in the Workplace: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges, p.339. businesstoday.in (2017).Ursula Burns on Xerox's transformation to a products and services company. [online] Businesstoday.in. Available at: https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/interview-with-xerox-ursula-burns/story/198431.html [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Byrnes, N. and Crockett, R.O., 2009. Ursula Burns: An historic succession at xerox.Bloomberg Business, May,28. Cornileus, T.H., 2013. Ima Black man and Im doing this job very well: How African American professional men negotiate the impact of racism on their career development.Journal of African American Studies,17(4), pp.444-460. Cuthbertson, R., Furseth, P.I. and Ezell, S.J., 2015. Kodak and Xerox: How High Risk Aversion Kills Companies. InInnovating in a Service-Driven Economy(pp. 166-179). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of business research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. Gilbert, C., Eyring, M. and Foster, R.N., 2012. Two routes to resilience.Harvard Business Review,90(12), pp.65-73. Humphrey, R.H., 2013.Effective leadership: Theory, cases, and applications. SAGE Publications. Lee, L.P., Liu, H.W., Shi, D.M., Khoo, C.S. and Pang, N., 2014. Developing a Framework for Analyzing Organizational Stories.LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal,24(1), p.34. Limbare, S., 2012. Leadership styles conflict management styles of executives.Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, pp.172-180. Ndubuizu, R. and Britton, D.M., 2016. Ursula Burns.Junctures in Women's Leadership: Business, p.92. nytimes.com (2017).Ursula Burns, Aiming to Redefine the Xerox Culture - NYTimes.com. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox.html?pagewanted=allmcubz=0 [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Pawar, D., 2014. Styles of Leadership.International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages,2(7), pp.12-14. Pea-Acua, B., 2017. Critical Revision of Leadership Styles in Management and Company Cases. InContemporary Leadership Challenges. InTech. Sadeghi, A. and Pihie, Z.A.L., 2012. Transformational leadership and its predictive effects on leadership effectiveness.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Shambora, J., 2009. Xerox next CEO: Ursula Burns.Fortune Magazine,22.

Pressure vs. Volume Baking Soda and Vinegar Essay Example

Pressure vs. Volume: Baking Soda and Vinegar Paper In the decision process, cognitive and psychological competency has always been important. Guidelines have been developed for critically Ill adults and patients with severe mental illness to assist clinicians and families In the evaluation of competency (Stein, et al. 2001). The decision to accept or reject a potentially life-saving medical procedure Is also affected by developmental considerations for an adolescent with a serious illness. Im against adolescents making decisions about life In death. Adolescent have a developmental trajectory that Is not yet Like an adults. X a gray area when you have an adolescent making the decision (Tu, 2007) Physicians and parents should communicate with the patient to assess its maturity, whether its beliefs are well grounded and arrived at without coercion, and whether he or she truly understands the consequence of his decision. No matter how competent adolescents appear to be, they may still be too influenced by fear to be allowed free rein. Is it appropriate or practical to force an adolescent to accept prolonged treatment against he or her will? Consent for medical procedure or treatment is considered as a basic acquirement for the provision of health care (Stein, et al. 2001). Its an ethical obligation to ensure respect for patients and their autonomy. A mature minor Is one who can comprehend the risks and benefits of the proposed treatment and Is therefore able to give Informed consent for the care. According to Ben Weldon, adolescent have a certain degree of maturity, but there Is a concern that their judgments may not be as well considered. I think that their judgments should be considered because some of them have chronic conditions that often deteriorate over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure vs. Volume: Baking Soda and Vinegar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure vs. Volume: Baking Soda and Vinegar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure vs. Volume: Baking Soda and Vinegar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They have experienced years of physical and psychological suffering, probably experienced depression. They fully understand their states of health. The question is how can the person who is an outsider making decisions for someone that has to live and endure the suffering?

5 Compromise essays

The 3/5 Compromise essays The first real battle of the Civil War occurred before the American Revolution. This battle wasnt fought like most other battles; instead of generals trying to outdo the other with weapons, politicians tried to outdo the other with their words. The 3/5s Compromise is said to have started the North verses South conflict. The simple though complex question that was brought up was should slaves be counted in census to determine the number of congressional delegates a state was to receive? This divided the nation because the North had little slaves, but the South had more slaves than they did salve owners. The North didnt want slaves to be counted because counting slaves would give the South an unfair advantage. The South felt as though the North was trying to make the House of Representatives biased so that the South wouldnt get what they wanted. The 3/5s Compromise called for exactly 60% of the salves in a state to be counted when determining the number of congressional delegat es a state should receive. This perhaps left both sides hungry for more, which started the nation in the direction of a civil war. The after-effects of the 3/5s compromise also helped send the nation on a one-way road headed for one place...civil war. This road so to speak is that the South forced the government to revoke Congress right to regulate slave trade. The South wanted to be able to trade for slaves as much as possible because the more they trade the higher the population, the higher the population the more delegates a state would have in the House of Representatives. The North disagreed for the same reason the south agreed; they felt that Congress would give the South too much power. Eventually Congress ended up ruling that they couldnt regulate slave trade for another twenty years. This made the South more content but angered the North. Already one can see the emerging conflicts betwee...

SCHAFER Surname Meaning and Family History

SCHAFER Surname Meaning and Family History The Schfer surname and its variations such as Schaefer come from the Middle High German schà ¦fà ¦re, meaning shepherd, a derivative of schaf, meaning sheep.  See SCHAFFER for another possible origin. Schfer / Schaefer  is the 11th most common German surname. Surname Origin: German, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  SCHAEFER, SCHAF, SCHAAP, SCHAEFFER, SHAVER, SCHEFFER, SCHAFFER Famous People With the SCHAFER  / SCHAEFER Surname Arnold  Schfer  - German historianWill Schaefer  - American composerPierre Schaeffer -  French composer, writer, broadcaster, and engineerEdward Albert Sharpey-Shafer (born  Edward Albert Schfer) - English physiologistTim Shafer - American computer game designer Where Is the SCHÄFER Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the  Schfer surname is most common in Germany, ranking as the countrys 72nd most common surname. The alternate spelling of Shaefer is even more common, coming in at 57th.  WorldNames PublicProfiler, which combines data on the surname under the Shaefer spelling (the   umlaut converts to ae),  indicates the surname is very prevalent throughout Germany, especially the southern half of the country in states such as Hessen,  Saarland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden Wà ¼rttemberg and  Nordrhein-Westfalen. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate the  Schfer last name is most common in western Germany, especially in the counties or cities of Berlin, Lahn-Dill-Kreis,  Kà ¶ln,  Gießen,  Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Main-Kinzig-Kreis, Mayen-Koblenz, Frankfurt am Main and Wetteraukreis. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHÄFER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Schafer  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schafer  family crest or coat of arms for the Schaefer surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Schaffer  DNA  Surname ProjectIndividuals with the Schaffer  surname, and variations such as Schaefer, Schaeffer, Schafer, Schaffler, Shafer, Shaffer, Shaver and Sheaffer, are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Schaffer family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. SCHAFER  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Schafer  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - SCHAFER  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schafer surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHAFER  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Schafer  surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - SCHAFER  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schafer. GeneaNet - Schafer  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schafer  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schafer  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schafer  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Marketing Study of Pirilla PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Study of Pirilla PLC - Essay Example Typically those engage with international marketing devotes their time on making strategies on how will they penetrate markets or countries provided that they must understand the environment, culture, society, politics, and economics of the country they wish to penetrate. This is important for every aspect of the country they wish to penetrate because somewhat or somehow people are influenced by these factors. These factors may have little, great, or no effect when it comes to purchasing behavior of the people, theory participation when it comes to new products, the society's economy and also consumers in a certain country is greatly influenced by its religion. For example, in India, cow is a sacred animal, if you plan to penetrate the market of India and tried to sell hamburgers in it, people might get mad or somehow your business will soon collapse because no one will buy your hamburgers. In the case of Pirilla PLC, we are pertaining on how we can penetrate other markets if we are to sell snow scooters. In understanding the environment, you cannot sell snow scooters in tropical or warm countries, of course it is useless. Snow scooters are made for countries which experiences winter and countries which all throughout the year is covered with ice. In checking qualifications of the countries which needs snow scooters, European countries qualify for this. Going international is... The main advantage of going international when it comes to marketing is that, there is a possibility for the company to have a bigger profit and sales. Some company often start with this, their neighboring countries are also looking for the same product found only in one country. This gives rise to more demands by other countries, the company of course will provide the demand, and then this becomes the starting point of all the business that will provide demands for other countries. Sooner or later, those firms who provided the product realized that they are making much more profit than just selling their product to just one country only. Another advantage is that you will be able to compete with other producers, and compare your products to the others. This is true when it comes to selling snow scooters to a common market, you will be able to look at competitors and be able to compare other snow scooters from the company's product. A possible disadvantage on going international mayb e is that the company is interfering with local competitors of that country. Another possible disadvantage is that the company destroys culture of the country especially by interfering with the market of the local competitors, this case happens to when McDonald's was introduced to other countries. The regular diet of the people was distracted when McDonald's was introduced. When it comes to the selection of countries for the target market of Pirilla PLC, Luxembourg is a good choice to introduce the snow scooters, especially the deluxe model. Luxembourg as being one of the richest countries in terms of GDP can afford and surely will need the services of a snow scooter. Also climate in Luxembourg is not too cold,

Clinical Case Study (Community Nursing in Aged Care,Gerontology) Essay

Clinical Case Study (Community Nursing in Aged Care,Gerontology) - Essay Example According to Ford (2004), elderly have been increasingly the focus of health and social care policy, particularly on their continuing needs of care, which are met in a variety of setting such as their own home, supported housing, residential care, nursing home or hospital. Mrs. Howard, a 72 year old widow, is referred by a concerned neighbor. At the time of visit, it is noted that Mrs Howard is slow to answer the door, and dressed with unkempt appearance. Her house is tidy but her bedroom is unmade. Her gait is slow but steady. It is noted that the refrigerator of Mrs. Howard has no food, and the kitchen is tidy. Mrs. Howard’s medication are sitting on the kitchen bench. Mrs. Howard complained of feeling very tired and she is having difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. She added that she has to get up to the toilet at nighttime. She has not been feeling hungry and has lost a little weight, hasn’t been preparing meals, has not been out for shopping or visiting friends in a few weeks. Mrs. Howard gets confused about how many tablets to take. Her medications were Lanoxin 125, Naprosyn 250 mg, Urex 20 mg, Mylantas, Agarol, Panadol, and Garlic. In older clients, the possibility of developing adverse drug events is increased for the reason that several co – morbidities are observed in the elderly whom multiple medications are prescribed (Hamilton et al., 2009; Woodhouse, 1997). Hamilton et al. (2009) added that this risk is compounded by changes related to age such as physiology and composition of the body influencing drug handling and response. It is also important to note that as the person grows old, the sleeping pattern changes as well. A marked heterogeneity in health status and functional capacity in the elderly makes decisions in prescribing more complex and challenging (Hamilton et al., 2009). The following are the drugs prescribed to Mrs.

International English Essay Example for Free

International English Essay Introduction English is termed as the universal language (Crystal 2003). In almost all regions of the world, English is either their official or second language. Most of the countries in the Western, particularly North America, are using the English language (Burchfield 2003). In addition, some European countries, like the United Kingdom, and Asian countries, like Singapore, India, Pakistan and the Philippines, are more inclined to use the English language than their native languages (Cheshire 2007). It is true that the English language is being used by different countries in the world. Some have also different ways of using it by having a distinct style and structure of speaking and writing the English language. Nevertheless, it is also said that there is a common ground in which the English language is being expressed and used (Burchfield 2003). Having the same vocabulary expressions, meaning and senses, and concepts and contexts, the English language is understood if not universally at least internationally (Graddol 1996). Truly, the English language plays a very vital part in the international scene. For a very diverse and sundry character of the world, it needs a general or common medium that would serve as the channel for communication among different countries globally (Crystal 2003). It is to be noted that every country has its own official or native language. And this language may be understood only by its mother country. In this case, such country would really have to use a second language that other countries and the international community understand in order for such country to have access of communication toward them (Cheshire 2007). This paper would discuss the role of the English language in different countries and in the international community. Further, this paper would try to elucidate on the different approaches that different countries have in using the English language. History of the English Language The English language is originally the language of the Anglo-Frisian civilizations. Around the fifth century A. D. , people from the northwest of Germany occupied the Eastern England. The Old English language became a combination of the language spoken by the displaced primordial people and the language which was spread by the aggressor or the ruling class (Burnley 2000) Some say that it is either the displaced people or the aggressor that adapt to the kind of English language that was being used by the protagonist regions then. Others say that the now known, Old English language was the result of coalescent of the languages used by the displaced people and by the aggressor (Burchfield 2003). Nonetheless, the Old English language was regarded as an artificial composition closer to that of the Proto-Indo-European (Graddol 1996). It was only that, it adopted the West Saxon scribal rules (Fennell 2001). Due to this influence of the West Saxon scribal rules or conventions, the Old English language was said to lose its distinct noun case system. The use of prepositions and constant word-order were the chief mechanisms used to transmit meaning. Such structure is manifested in the Middle English era (Cheshire 2007). In 1066, The Norman Conquest of England overwhelmingly influenced the development of the English language (Burnley 2000). There are huge numbers of Norman terms and expressions that became included in the Old English specifically those in the legal and administrative genres. Eventually, the Old English language was also influenced by the Greek and Latin terms (Fennell 2001). This signaled the rise of the Middle English. The fifth century, however, marked the new shift of the English language from Middle English to Early Modern English. The evolution was characterized as the Great Vowel Shift which means that the change was motivated by the transformation on the uses and roles of vowel (Burchfield 2003). The Community of the English Language It is true that the English language cannot be owned by one nation. It is for the reason that English language is not really owned by a single country or region. Moreover, the English language is constructed and utilized by different countries all over the world according to their culture and tradition. This entails that the English language may be used differently by different nations. Yet the English language, as mentioned earlier, has distinct common features that are universal to all English-users. The sentence structure, concepts and meanings, and style and phonology may vary according to the established standard for English language among different countries (Cheshire 2007). The United States of America has the largest population of English-speakers. United Kingdom, Canada and Australia ranked second, third and fourth respectively. Although U. S. and U. K. have the highest number of population that speaks the English language, the English language was not even considered as their official language. In addition South Africa is also a known region of English-speaking people. Singapore ranked first in Asia having a great number of populations which speaks the English language (Kachru 1992). Although the English language only placed third in the category of the major language by native speakers (Mandarin Chinese and Spanish placed first and second respectively), it is the most commonly used language in the world. India ranked in the category of country which uses the English language as the second language (Kachru 1992). And because English is extensively used and spoken by many countries in the world, it is labeled as the global language or universal language of the modern period (Crystal 2003). Though it is not really being used as an official language by other countries, it is more likely that it is taught as the second language. According to some linguists, the English language that is being used by different people all over the world does not really have a uniform character (Cheshire 2007). Conversely, it is the very one that absorbs the culture of particular countries that make use of it as a medium of language. In the international community or in the international scene, the English language is being used to announce international declarations. It is also the official language used in aerial and maritime communications. Moreover, it is used as one of the official languages of the United Nations, European Union, and the majority of the international athletic organizations (Crystal 2003). Such importance of the English language is also manifested in the printings and publications of books, newspapers and magazines in which the English language is used (Crystal 2003). It was also reported that most articles produced and published were written in English albeit only half of them came from countries which official language is English. Though there are regions and parts of the world which are not really proficient speaking the English language, it is undeniably that somehow they know and understand some of it (Crane 2004). This is the reason behind the idea that at any rate the English language is the most commonly used language in the world – that even if you go to a foreign land, you can survive with regards to communication by using the English language (Cheshire 2007).

Personal Narrative: My Visit to Agra and the Taj Mahal Essay -- essays

Taj Mahal Out of many places I visited all around the world, the place I like the most is the beautiful city of Agra. It’s a quite town located on the North of India. When we talk about Agra one image that comes in mind is Taj Mahal. Yes one of the seven wonders is here. Agra is full of architectural monuments. And I also visited Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and Buland Darwazaand. Food was not really good. Besides Taj Mahal, Agra is famous for handicrafts, leather and fine arts. It was fun shopping at Agra. Taj Mahal. ( Mahal is the word in urdu language used for Palace) How can I describe The Taj Mahal? You can’t its impossible. You just have to experience it. To gaze in wonder at that magnificent dome and elegant gardens will be a moment that you remember for the rest of your life. It is one of the greatest sights in the world, some say the greatest, and like Victoria Falls, The Grand Canyon, and Macchu Picchu, it simply is one of those things you have to see in your life. The architectural grace and symmetry of the Taj Mahal just takes your breath away. We had chosen our visit carefully--the sun was setting and the light that washed over the Taj was golden in color. The minarets were now stark against the setting sun . The actual dome was a surprise, it is not yellow-white but blue-white and covered in inscriptions and detail. From below it looked like something out of "Arabian Nights." But inside were the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The central tomb is a lofty cham ber with light streaming through fine latticework, and hanging above was an elaborate lamp. Words cannot describe its beauty when you stand on that marble platform overlooking the Yamuna, with the setting sun turning it into a golden ribbon. You may a... ...traditions. I brought Agra rugs, Agra Marble. As the world famous Taj Mahal is made purely of Marble, it is natural that the markets must be flooded with the replicas of the Taj in marble, little stone elephants, and lovely marble coasters. Agra is also famous for leather industry, The leather workers of Agra offer shoes, slippers, sandals, purses, wallets, bags, belts, clothing, lampshades, furniture, beanbags and many more items made of leather. We can purchase for affordable prices with wide choices. Different people have different views of the Taj but it would be enough to say that the Taj has a life of its own that leaps out of marble, provided you understand that it is a monument of love. As an architectural masterpiece, nothing could be added or subtracted from it. I think everyone should visit Taj Mahal at least once in their life, if they get a chance.

Economics Commentary Essay

Sharp rise in unemployment as financial crisis hits jobs market British unemployment today posted its biggest rise since the country’s last recession 17 years ago as the financial crisis filtered through to the jobs market. Official figures showed unemployment measured by International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards rose by 164,000 in the three months to August from the previous quarter to stand at 1.79 million. The rise took the jobless rate up half a percentage point to 5.7%, also the biggest jump since July 1991. â€Å"These numbers are truly horrendous and much worse than I had feared,† said David Blanchflower, a labour market expert and member of the Bank of England’s monetary policy committee. He told guardian.co.uk his earlier prediction that unemployment would rise to 2 million by Christmas now looked conservative. â€Å"Unemployment will be above 2 million by Christmas. I am particularly worried at the 56,000 rise in the number of young unemployed people. These are school leavers who are unable to get a job or claim benefits, which is why the claimant count has not risen even faster than it has,† he said. The number of Britons out of work and claiming jobless benefits rose by 31,800 last month to 939,000, the eighth monthly increase in a row, and August’s rise was revised higher to 35,700. The City had expected a 35,000 increase for September. This so-called claimant count measure is always lower than the broader, internationally recognised ILO measure which includes people not claiming benefits, because some unemployed people are not entitled to claim benefits, or choose not to do so. The rise took the claimant count jobless rate up to 2.9%, its highest level since January 2007. The prime minister, Gordon Brown, responded to the figures this morning by pledging the government would do everything it could to create jobs in the UK economy, which is teetering on the brink of recession. The government also announced today it was making an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100m available to retrain workers who lose their jobs. The employment minister, Tony McNulty, said the jobs data painted a â€Å"bad picture† of the UK economy: â€Å"But the job is to look forward and see how we can deal with any dip in employment rather than talking about the causes.† The number of employed people dropped 122,000 to 29.4million over the three-month period. The FTSE 100 fell more than 3% this morning, wiping out all of yesterday’s gains. The mood darkened after the unemployment figures, and the index of leading shares fell more than 150 points to 4235.6. The Liberal Democrats’ work and pensions spokeswoman, Jenny Willott, urged the government to turn its attention to unemployment and inflation, now the banking rescue package had beeen agreed. â€Å"Real families across Britain are suffering, not just those working in the Square Mile. As the number of vacancies shrink, it will be harder and harder to get people back into work. It will not simply be a case of retraining the unemployed if there are no jobs for them to return to,† she said. The number of job vacancies dropped by 62,000 from a year ago to 608,000 in the three months to September. And 147,000 people faced redundancy in the three months to August, up by 28,000. For many people, a bleak Christmas lies ahead as the fallout from stockmarket turmoil spreads to the rest of the economy. Brendan Barber, the general secretary of the TUC, said: â€Å"We are now seeing the effect of the credit crunch on the rest of the economy. I fear that the whole economy will soon feel the impact of the problems in the banking sector.† He urged the Bank of England to cut interest rates again to avoid a severe recession. Derek Simpson, the joint general secretary of the Unite union, said: â€Å"Government intervention should not just stop with the banks. Action across the wider economy is necessary to protect jobs and the economy in a recession.† Alan Clarke, UK economist at BNP Paribas, said: â€Å"If you look at the claimant count number, it wasn’t as bad as expected, but if you look at the ILO, it was simply awful. These numbers are falling off a cliff.† In a sign that consumer price inflation – now at a 16-year high of 5.2% – is not feeding into wages, annual average earnings growth slowed to 3.4% in the three months to August, its weakest in five years. â€Å"As for pay pressures, the average earnings numbers remain very subdued,† said Philip Shaw, the chief economist at Investec. â€Å"The labour market appears yet again not to be an inflationary threat to the economy which helps to justify the cut in interest rates last week.† Economists believe it is going to get worse. Thousands of jobs are being lost in the City, where banks have merged or collapsed, and on the high street, where growing numbers of retailers are going bust. Manufacturers laid off 46,000 workers in the three months to August, taking the total number of manufacturing jobs to 2.87million, today’s figures from the Office for National Statistics showed. Job losses are spread across the economy, with Cadbury announcing 580 job cuts this week and ITV cutting about 1,000 jobs. The Centre for Economics and Business Research estimates 62,000 financial jobs will be lost by the end of next year. Nigel Meager, the director of the Institute for Employment Studies, said: â€Å"No part of the country is spared. Much attention has focused on high-end jobs in the City. In an economic downturn, however, the real human cost is likely to hit lower-skilled workers who find it harder to move into another job and have less of a financial cushion to see them through difficult times. â€Å"As vacancies continue to evaporate, competition for any job available will become fierce and the existing long-term unemployed, as well as young people entering the labour market will be particularly disadvantaged.† Commentary One of a government’s macroeconomic goals is low levels of unemployment. Another way of expressing this is to say that governments desire full employment in its economy. Unemployment exists within an economy when there are people who are registered as willing, capable and ready to work at the market clearing wage, but unfortunately do not hold any jobs. The above article deals with the sudden fall in the employment rates occurring in Britain, affecting the stock market, the government expenditure, the redundant employees, and the Britain economy itself. This sharp rise in unemployment has been caused primarily due to the global credit-crunch. Underemployment could also be occurring in the Britain economy since workers wanting full-time jobs would be able to find only part-time employment. This would thereby result in lower wages and lower output for each worker. Demand-deficient or cyclical unemployment, which has taken place in Britain, has occurred due to a lack of sufficient goods and services being demanded, as well as a poorly operating labour market. This Demand-deficient unemployment is illustrated in the figure below: Herein, the causal factor resulting in disequilibrium unemployment is that labour markets are not working very smoothly. This is so because of the financial crisis, which resulted in companies aiming to execute cost-cutting measures, and thereby resulting in the labour resisting such wage cuts. Since workers are not passive commodities, the income wages will go up easily but will refrain from falling; this is because they are sticky downwards. In the above diagram, the demand for labour falls from ADL1 to ADL2 due to the fall in demand for goods and services. But as mentioned earlier, the workers’ real incomes do not fall to W2, so long as equilibrium is not attained. This therefore results in the disequilibrium unemployment of Q2- Q1. Structural unemployment has also occurred in Britain as the structure of its economy has undergone a severe change. With the degree of unemployment being very serious, Britain is seeing a significant loss of jobs in the real estate, Information technology, and food industries. This is very bad for the economy since this situation can remain for another few months. The Britain government may use the aid of a variety of strategies to reduce the unemployment. This government can provide some aid to the employers and also encourage trade in creating employment. Structural adjustment policies can also be designed to align labour skills with the needs of employers, such as retaining schemes and appropriate use of technology; Gordon Brown has already chosen this step by announcing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100m for retraining. Even policies designed to stimulate the levels of aggregate demand, such as the use of fiscal and monetary policies, will prove effective in mitigating the effects of this disaster. But nevertheless, the British government will find the goal of full employment difficult to achieve. This would be to reasons such as the unavoidable occurrence of inflation when trying to reduce demand-deficient unemployment. The limitations of using Fiscal policies to raise the Aggregate demand would also hinder the act towards attaining full employment. Examples of these would be time-lags and the crowding out effect. The short-term impacts of this situation would include reduction in the government expenditure, arising due to more money being provided as unemployment benefits and also due to less tax revenue being received by them. Another short-term effect would be the opportunity cost arising in terms of output foregone and the indisputable inefficiency. The long-term impacts of this sudden unemployment include the individual and social costs born primarily by the unskilled and lowly-paid workers. These workers will certainly find it difficult to look for suitable jobs in the future. Even the impact on poverty and income distribution is enormous, due to a large majority of workers within the primary sector being made redundant. In Britain, for example, a majority of the real estate workers are being dismissed. Thus there has stemmed an unequal impact of unemployment in terms of region, urban/rural, gender, race and age. This could be particularly hazardous for in determining the racial distribution of Britain.

Naturalistic Observation Essay

Using the Naturalistic Observation my hypothesis was simply is the children’s choice a naturally driven behavior in an active aggressive or active passive ways. By watching a group of 7 year old boys and girls in a daycare setting over a few days, I was able to see the different behaviors. I thought I would discover that girls are just as aggressive as boys but that is not necessarily so. Ethically speaking, I was able to ask the parents if I may observe the children (not using their names or the location of the daycare) for the class assignment and showed them the assignment. Informed consent is a process in which a participant consents to participate in a research project after being informed of its procedures; risks, beneï ¬ ts, and dignity are all protected. Yes, 7 year old boys seem to be hard-wired for more active and aggressive pursuits than 7 year old girls. Boys are more physically active than girls, in infancy and throughout childhood. They kick, swing their arms and race around the house noticeably more than girls do, as many exhausted parents can testify. Girls are quite content to sit there and play with their dolls where the boys like trucks and wrestling around. Given a choice of Power Rangers, Tonka, and a Barbie beauty set, the 7 year olds, boys and girls, actually prefer the gender appropriate choices. In fact, children’s gendered toy choice is one of the largest sex differences in behavior.

The Art of Marc Chagall essays

The Art of Marc Chagall essays My name is Marc, my emotional life is sensitive and my purse is empty, but they say I have talent Marc Chagall. I feel that art is subjective to the viewers perspective. With that being said my perspective of Marc Chagalls art is that it is a feast for the eyes! I was immediately drawn to his painting titled "White Crucifixion in the Norton Mix" (Hood 293). The White Crucifixion reimagines the single most iconic moment in the mythology of Christianity, and yet makes that reverberant representation a strikingly Jewish phenomenon as well (Whitfield). This was one of Chagalls most famous paintings and many of his paintings were gathered inspirations from biblical themes reflecting his Jewish heritage. However, this was not all Chagall painted. Different life-changing events played a crucial role on his style of painting, memorable times such as his struggles in Russia, the death of his first wife Bella, and his various encounters with other religions. Marc Chagall, a Russian, was born in 1887. He was Jewish painter who traveled around the world transferring his many experiences on to canvas. He was born into a poor Hasidic family in Vitebsk, Belarus. Chagall was the oldest of nine children. Chagall began to display his artistic talent while studying at a secular Russian school, and despite his fathers disapproval, in 1907 he began studying art with Leon Bakst in St. Petersburg. It was at this time that his distinct style that we recognize today began to emerge. As his paintings began to center on images from his childhood, the focus that would guide his artistic motivation for the rest of his life came to realization. He studied in St. Petersburg before making his way to Paris in 1910. Chagall was in Paris for four years and during that time he painted some of his most famous paintings of the Jewish village, and developed the features that became recognizable trademarks of hi...

Train the SAT Essay with Real Examples

Train the SAT Essay with Real Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to learn the SAT essay is to look at example submissions by other real students. By judging these example essays yourself, you'll understand much better what SAT graders are looking for. You'll also learn from these examples what to do and not to do. Here at PrepScholar we grade numerousessays with a real live human grader as part of our SAT preparation process. This gives us real, actual, student submissions to real College Board SAT prompt essays. We have anonymized two real actual student submissions below and shared them in hopes of helping you improve on the SAT. We have found that one of the best ways to prepare for the SAT essay is go through the excercise of reading through the essays of other real students. There are two parts to the excercise: the first part is pretending you're the grader and assigning the student a grade. This lets you get inside the head of a grader, and understand what the grader is looking for. The second part of the excercise is to notice and understand what makes a good essay good and a bad essay bad. Example SAT Essay Prompt: The following two example essays were in response to the following prompt actually given on an SAT, paraphrased: Background: An incorrect andcynical view of how people behave says that humans are mainly driven by selfish motives: wanting money, power, or fame. However, history gives us a lot of cases of people who gave up their own good for a cause or idea that they thought was more important than sometimes their own lives. Concience the strong voice from within that tells us moral right from wrong can be a more compelling force than money, power, or fame. Prompt: Is conscience a more powerful motivator than money, fame, or power? The First Essay While reading the essay, and before reading our answer, note the following: - What grade would you give this essay and why? The lowest possible is 2/12, and the highest is 12/12. The essay scoring rubric is here. - What did you like most about the essay and the least? Before reading onwards, make sure you do the excercise above to the most out of this. This is essay ended up receiving a six out of twelve. The main positive points was that it had mostly correct grammar and spelling. It also used examples that were well organized. However, the lower score was due to the fact that the examples didn't strongly support the thesis. A mandate, a command, by a philosopher (Plato) hardly proves that people actually are unselfish. The example from The Shining of pathological psychology seems evasive of the main prompt, and psychopathy hardly seems to be proof that people act in accordance to their conciense. The Second Essay Again, while reading the essay, and before reading our answer, note the following: - What grade would you give this essay and why? The lowest possible is 2/12, and the highest is 12/12. The essay scoring rubric is here. - What did you like most about the essay and the least? This is essay ended up receiving a twelve out of twelve, putting it in the top percentile of essays as scored by the SAT. This essay has impeccable grammar, spelling, and is well organized. More than then first essay you saw, the examples here provided great justification for the main thesis. The examples are incredibly relevant and signifcant. The diction is tight, and phrasing well-chosen for example "cloud judgment" and "silence the whisper of consience" are great creative uses of imagry. What's Next? The college admissions process has become so competitive that it's helpful to plan well in advance for SAT/ACT prep during high school. Here are a few guides to help your thinking: Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points, or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

World Economy Since 1945 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

World Economy Since 1945 - Essay Example However, strong popular beliefs regarding the negative effects of this school of economic thoughts have remained. The fall of the global economy since the 2008 financial crisis has led to the development of substantial popular resistance against neo liberalism. The US has made continuing efforts to introduce neoliberal policies on the third world countries, which are in the period of economic transition. It has been successful in achieving this objective and has received the support of the international bodies, such as, the World Bank and the IMF. According to common belief, neo liberalism refers to an up-gradation on the classical liberal economics. This classical liberal economics dominated majority of the UK and the United States before the Great Depression hit the world in the 1930s (Overbeek, 2003). A new approach started to enter the thought of economists since the mid 1930s, after the world faced the perils of liberal economic relations among market agents. This approach was c onsidered interventionist and tended to strengthen by the 1970s, when it was termed as the neo liberal economic thought. Under this new economic theory, it was accepted that, significant state intervention is required in order to retain the strength and shine of capitalist form of production relations. Without state intervention, capitalist mode of production relation cannot be viable (Kotz, 2000). An overview: European Stagnation It has been argued that the euro zone crisis had occurred as a result of â€Å"a toxic neoliberal economic policy cocktail† (Palley, 2013). This cocktail was developed in 1980s when Europe had begun to put emphasis on the model of neoliberal economic theory. By embracing this theory, income generation reduced and demand creation was suppressed. This gave rise to wide income inequality. However, the problem of stagnation did not appear immediately with the changes in economic decagons making in the European countries. A number of initial economic dev elopments during the late 1900s postponed the occurrence of stagnation. Among them, the most important incidence was the creation of the Euro. The common currency of the Euro zone countries led to â€Å"interest rate convergence† (Palley, 2013), which swelled up the asset price and eased credit availability facilities. This brought superficial prosperity in these economies owing to the asset price bubble. But, the fictitious boom in the economy actually worsened the stagnation by delaying it and building up large heaps of debts. These economies had followed a flawed system of monetary policies that caused the debt crisis. The neo liberal economic model thus prompted flawed economic growth pattern in the developed countries that had accepted this model during the 1970s and 1980s (Palley, 2013). Shift from Keynesianism to neo liberalism in Europe Europe was developing during the mid 1900s. However, after the 1945 there has been a major change in the pattern of economic growth o f the countries in Europe. Towards the end of the twentieth century, average buying power of a European consumer increased by three times. The basic factors that stimulated economic growth were cohesive associations between employers and the employees, solidarity-centred trade unions and an overall growth oriented policies of the governments. These institutions were interconnected with one another and worked consistently towards mobilization of savings and stabilizing wages and improve the climate for financial investment (Parker, 2013). However, after 1973 Europe switched from Keynesian economic point of view to the neo liberal economic thought. According to Barry Eichengreen, it resembled a switch from economic developm

Nutrition and wellness research paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Nutrition and wellness paper - Research Proposal Example On this basis, the topic I propose for this research paper is the nutritive disorder, Anorexia nervosa. This does not appear to be a personal site. It is the official website of the Renfrew Center – a mental health facility, which has centers in various states throughout the United States and a nationwide professional network. This Center specializes in the treatment of eating disorders. The author of the website, i.e, the Renfrew Agency, itself appears to be the sponsoring agency that has put out the information on Anorexia Nervosa which is contained in this site. The credentials of this organization are also evident on the site, because it has acknowledged that it is the owner of copyright and therefore the producer of the material on this specific webpage. This does not appear to be an educational site, it is a commercial site. There is no contact email address provided, but there is a direct link titled â€Å"Contact†, where a user has the facility to enter personal contact information, so that a representative of the Renfrew Center can get in touch. In addition, there is a toll free number that has been provided on the site, for contacting the Renfrew Center. This site appears to have been created as a promotional tool to generate business for the Renfrew Center. There are no advertisements on this site. There are several links provided for different sections of the community, i.e, for schools, for family/friends and for professionals, and the major focus appears to be the promotion of the package of health care services offered by the Renfrew Center. This web page is useful because it contains information on the disease. It also describes anorexia nervosa as a life threatening condition which usually â€Å"stems from underlying emotional causes.† This supports my thesis that the causes of the disease may be psychological. Source No:

Voluntary Assumption Of Tort Liability In English Law Case Study

Voluntary Assumption Of Tort Liability In English Law - Case Study Example Policy considerations played a large role in restricting employee claims, in the interests of economic and manufacturing growth, as well as the principle of contributory negligence and violent non fit injuria. More recently, the law in this area has developed into a complex system based on the obvious potential problems created by broadening or narrowing too far the limits of the law. The courts have recognized that a single, simple test to determine psychiatric harm is not sufficient, â€Å"for reasons that concern both its potentially uncontrollable nature, and political and moral parameters imposed by the structure of western open-market societies on the legal system.†2 In order to fully understand exactly what principles and tests the courts adopt, one must examine the relevant case law. The law in this area is vaguely split into a) the psychological or physical harm actually occurring to the employee, and; b) the physical harm occurring to a third party, witnessed by the employee. In cases, where the harm directly occurred to the employee, the primary test is one of foreseeability; if it can be proven that physical or psychiatric injury was reasonably foreseeable, compensation for psychiatric harm is possible.3 Where an employee suffered a nervous breakdown at work, the courts indeed asked whether the breakdown was reasonably foreseeable, actual or probable physical harm was not relevant or necessary.4 Rose J confirms this, stating: â€Å"the employer whose system of work negligently induces psychiatric injury without any physical injury†¦is just as liable as one who causes physical injury.†5 Yet does the concept not appear a little simplistic? The issues surrounding the decision in Walker have the potential to open several difficulties – different jobs involve different levels of stress and risk, whilst individuals react differently to stress depending on their vulnerability.

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. Introduction This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; El ectoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We dont claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of contexts deal ing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main push factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes political and social in fluences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotles View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, states character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Units democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual constitutional liberalism very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments rem